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  1. mRNA Vaccines: The Next Generation Tool to Fight Infections

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/vme-34

    cause disease. Several vaccines, such as those for smallpox in humans and rinderpest in cattle, have ... been so successful the disease is all but gone (Greenwood 2014). Traditional Vaccines Traditional ... disease.   Live-attenuated vaccines treat: measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) rotavirus smallpox chickenpox For ...

  2. Cedar-Apple Rust

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-tree-10

    Ohio State University Cedar-apple rust is a common plant disease caused by the fungal pathogen ... apple, crabapple, eastern redcedar, and other juniper species. Cedar-apple rust is a widespread disease ... disease on redcedar and juniper, the symptoms can be significant and damaging on apple. This disease has ...

  3. Rusts of Apple

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-fru-02

    PLPATH-FRU-02 05/06/2016 Michael A. Ellis, Department of Plant Pathology Three rust diseases occur ... green area becomes brown and spongy. The formation of pycnia and aecia on infected fruit is rare. Apples ... crabapple. Larger, gray to brown spots form on leaves of hawthorn. Few aecia form on apple and crabapple. ...

  4. Botrytis Bunch Rot or Gray Mold of Grape

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-fru-03

    mold grape infected grapes shriveled grapes brown grapes diseased grapes controlling grape fungus Plant ... and causes diseases on a variety of unrelated crops. Bunch rot can cause serious losses on highly ... Infection of ripe berries is the most common and destructive phase of this disease. Infected berries first ...

  5. Powdery Mildew of Wheat

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-cer-11

    tritici, is the most common foliar disease of wheat in Ohio. It is most damaging in years with relatively ... late April or early May when wheat is in the joint to flag-leaf stage of development. This disease ... the flag leaf becomes severely diseased by heading. Losses of up to 45 percent have been documented in ...

  6. Mummy Berry of Blueberry

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-fru-46

    Ohio State University Mummy berry is one of the most serious diseases of blueberry. Once the disease ... easily mistaken for frost damage. By blossom time, infected young leaves and shoots wilt, turn brown, and ... stage look like miniature black pumpkins (figure 3).    Causal Organism and Disease Cycle Mummy berry is ...

  7. Botrytis Gray Mold in Greenhouse Floral Crops

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-3070

    Peduto Hand, Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University The disease gray mold, caused by ... the fungus Botrytis cinerea, is the most commonly encountered disease of herbaceous ornamentals. It ... Depending on the host and the conditions under which the crop is grown, this disease can either be a common ...

  8. Bacterial Spot of Stone Fruits

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-fru-38

    Pathology Bacterial spot affects peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, prunes and cherries. The disease is ... the tree, predisposing it to winter injury and attack by other pathogens. The disease is usually more ... disease than devitalized, neglected trees. Figure 1. Bacterial spot on peach leaf. Note the “shot-holes” ...

  9. Bumble Bees and Solitary Bees & Wasps in Urban Landscapes

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-2143-10

    the thorax and carpenter bees usually have a shiny patch on the tips of their abdomens. There are ... a relatively small area. There are several species in Ohio, but almost all are a dark brown to tan color and ... hovering back and forth over the turf or ground. The females clean out old burrows or construct new burrows ...

  10. Peach Leaf Curl

    https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-fru-26

    disease that occurs on peach, nectarine, and related ornamental plants. The disease, though not a problem ... other diseases and to winter injury. Weakened trees also will produce fewer fruit the following season. ... Yield may be further reduced when blossoms and young fruit become diseased and drop. Symptoms Figure 1. ...

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